Uterine fibroids are noncancerous growths that develop in or on the uterus, most commonly during a woman’s childbearing years. While they are generally benign, fibroids can vary greatly in size and number. Some may be as small as a seed, while others can grow large enough to distort the uterus. Although they don’t always cause noticeable symptoms, for some, they can impact daily life and reproductive health.
Symptoms of Uterine Fibroids
Not everyone with fibroids experiences symptoms, but when they do appear, they can include:
- Heavy or Prolonged Menstrual Bleeding: One of the most common symptoms, which can lead to anemia over time.
- Pelvic Pain or Pressure: This can range from mild discomfort to more intense pain, especially if fibroids grow large.
- Frequent Urination: Larger fibroids can press on the bladder, causing an increased urge to urinate.
- Constipation or Bloating: Fibroids can put pressure on the intestines, resulting in gastrointestinal discomfort.
- Pain During Intercourse: For some, fibroids cause pain or discomfort during sexual activity.
- Back and Leg Pain: Large fibroids can press on nerves, leading to pain that radiates to the back or legs.
Causes and Risk Factors
While the exact cause of fibroids is unknown, certain factors can increase the likelihood of developing them:
- Hormones: Estrogen and progesterone, the hormones responsible for stimulating the uterine lining during menstruation, also appear to encourage fibroid growth. Fibroids often shrink after menopause when hormone levels drop.
- Genetics: A family history of fibroids increases the risk.
- Race: African-American women are more likely to develop fibroids at a younger age and may experience more severe symptoms.
- Lifestyle Factors: Higher body weight and dietary choices (such as a diet high in red meat and low in green vegetables) have been linked to an increased risk of fibroids.
- Age: Fibroids are most common in women in their 30s and 40s and tend to shrink after menopause.
How Are Fibroids Diagnosed?
Fibroids are often found during a routine pelvic exam. To confirm the diagnosis and determine the size and location, your doctor may use:
- Ultrasound: A common imaging test for identifying fibroids.
- MRI: Provides a more detailed image and helps determine the size and position.
- Hysteroscopy or Laparoscopy: Minimally invasive procedures that allow doctors to look inside the uterus and detect fibroids.
Treatment Options
Treatment for fibroids depends on symptoms, the size and location of the fibroids, and whether you want to have children. Options include:
- Medication: Hormonal treatments can help shrink fibroids or manage symptoms like heavy bleeding.
- Noninvasive Procedures: Uterine fibroid embolization (UFE) and MRI-guided focused ultrasound are techniques to shrink fibroids without surgery.
- Surgical Options: In cases where fibroids are large or cause significant symptoms, procedures like myomectomy (fibroid removal) or hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) may be recommended.
Living with Fibroids
Many women manage fibroids without treatment by adjusting their lifestyle or tracking symptoms. Regular check-ups with your doctor are essential to monitor fibroids, especially if they’re large or causing discomfort. Making dietary adjustments, staying active, and practicing stress management can also support your overall health.
Final Thoughts
Uterine fibroids are common and can range from harmless to disruptive, depending on individual factors. Understanding the symptoms and treatment options can help you make informed decisions about managing them. Always consult with your healthcare provider to determine the best course of action for your specific needs and lifestyle.